مجله منظر
پیاپی 23 (تابستان 1392)

This study intends to clear the aspects and characters of the late period of garden making in Tehran from 1882 to 1894. The gardens of this short period offer a variety of samples which are different from traditional gardens of Iran in forms and layouts. This study will focus on the conversion and evolution of the gardens based on the changes in plants and gardening style. The converted style in gardening and horticulture found new characters since the end of 19th century and appeared as a novel result called park. 130 years of garden building in Qajarid Tehran has undergone several stages. The studied period is a part of the last stage and its result has been occasionally called park instead of garden. The beginning of the last stage was started just before 1882. To show off the mentioned details and new arrangements، which was formed on the basis of European gardening and horticulture، the linear spatial structure in the main patterns was replaced by a complex of elegant views picturesquely. The new landscapes، which were less formal than the former layouts، were compatible with the aristocracy that had been formed at the end of the reign of Naser al-dinShah. These views helped for a better presentation of the beauty made by ornamental or ornamented plants. Some new features were also added to the traditional gardens: curvy pathways to change directions and make various views، ponds، sculptures and most importantly flowerbeds which formed based on European floriculture. These elements، their evolution and beauty can clear that the new gardens and parks might follow the European gardens from an aesthetic viewpoint which could be perceived by aristocrats and nobles. In other words the garden makers in Tehran have not been attracted by the layout or general concept of the European garden but the beauty of new arrangement of plants and especially flowers. This fascination revived an old attachment to floriculture in new age.

Systematic cities must be known as creation of human''s ordered mind. Discipline-based “social life «can be used as basis of urban order and a conceptual basis with flexibility and consistency for social life in today’s urban organizations. In such order، urban structure is fixed on public spaces. Comprehensive understanding of the city، by sensual understanding of the city structure while finding its mental order and interpretation based on inhabitant''s collective memories، leads to perceiving the city as a» super Place «and» super memory”، which is useful in collective identity of inhabitants. To restore mental order of city، it is necessary to realize «placelessness» - A social part of city fabric- and replace them by social spaces which are useful in collective identity of the city. This article، by choice of Anzali port as a case study، surveys objective order of the city and its antithesis with mental order of Anzali. Firstly، it is approved that comprehensive understanding of the city is resulted by understanding the city center، as basic elements of city structure are agreed in it. Secondly، after finding the «placeless» space of the city center and discovering its quality for being a «viewpoint»، it is suggested that the space be changed to a viewpoint، so that it becomes an element to help to comprehensive understanding of Anzali city center-city''s extract. Using post-industrial approach to keep the rest of industrial installation to convert the place to a public place is suggested as a guideline in landscape design.

Landscape in post-industrial areas has a specific grammar from other ones. And these structural differences are visible through grammar indexes. This article presents the concept of a landscape grammar and provides a review of this concept in post-industrial urban areas. This grammar can analyze the characteristics of a landscape by means of spatial syntax rules and using specific vocabulary for each landscape objects. On the other hand، using a generative system، helps recreate the landscape. The landscape grammar and the type of dialogue between human and landscape can be altered by changing the atmosphere of space with a growing change in economical policies of industrial age. Modern humans constantly experiences new ways of life in new urban fabrics. Changes in boundaries of the city caused by urban sprawl and encountering large scale areas which disrupt fluidity of urban activity، constitute the new paradigms of urban landscape as a new challenge as well. In fact، modern man continuously consumes the space، excretes it and faces it again. This process of encountering with abandoned human-built landscapes is a stimulus for a jump to new aesthetical landscape grammar in Brownfield areas. The rest of this paper seeks to extract and conclude some indicators for landscape grammar in post-industrial areas by using 3 examples of basic approaches of landscape theorist in 3 projects. Landscape in post-industrial urban areas is revivable and urban life is not only stopped in these areas but also lasts and grows just like a silkworm and these areas have a concept of metamorphosis. This concept includes physical aspects of an evolving organism and the term “post-industrial” needs to be modified through this kind of interpretation. Culture of industrialization life will remain until human exists on this planet. According to this reinterpretation these areas will gain specific characteristics of metamorphosis and some of its indicators include items below: - New aesthetical sense of a place - Analogical values of result landscape and articulating layers of information - Horizontal surfaces without strict function of space

Experience with nature contributes to human wellbeing and environmental stewardship. Both may be affected when people experience local environmental disturbances. I test the hypothesis that relatively gradual ecological disturbance in urban areas increases awareness and appreciation of urban nature and environmental stewardship. In recent years the Emerald Ash Borer killed 10،000 street trees in Ann Arbor، Michigan. Findings indicate that those experiencing tree loss were significantly more engaged with nature and more willing to participate in stewardship. The degree of increased engagement was directly related to the individual’s proximity to the disturbance. Proximity to the loss was also a significant contributor to respondents’ appreciation of urban nature and the feeling that street trees enhance sense of wellbeing. However، regardless of proximity to tree loss، responses to items concerning appreciation of urban nature and the feeling that street trees enhance sense of wellbeing were extremely high. The results of this study suggest that recovery from ecological disturbance may be best supported by stewardship activities that engage citizens in what the care about، in ways that foster wellbeing of both the self and the urban ecosystem.